Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay

The writer argue that, in the context of urging societal alterations, message framing can be used as one of communicating schemes in societal selling context. By utilizing message bordering attack, public communicating can be presented in footings of the benefits ( additions ) or costs ( losingss ) framed associated with a peculiar behaviour. Research shows that bordering of such persuasive messages influences many societal determinations. Peoples tend to avoid hazards when sing additions or benefits, and tend to prefer hazards when sing losingss or costs. This paper investigates the nature of message framing, the taxonomy of message framing effects and alternate signifiers of message bordering presentation. The writer explored the differential effects between negative and positive framed message, the context in which message bordering surveies much more have been conducted and the account by which message framing could act upon people ‘s attitude, purpose and behaviour. It is concluded that the message bordering surveies had been conducted in a broad assortment of wellness communicating context and can be expanded to many other societal alterations contexts. The differential effects between negative and positive framed messages were exist because of: 1. The different penchants about hazard, 2. The asymetry between negative and positive information and the presence of moderator variables. The persuasion which happened in message bordering presentation will act upon people ‘s information processing in three stairss: 1. The sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue, 2. Peoples differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs, and 3. The influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour. Aditional researches may be neede d to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and situational and dispositional moderator variables that proper for the specific context of societal job.Cardinal words: societal selling, message framing, attitude and persuasion.1IntroductionAbout every state faces societal jobs in their day-to-day life. Health issues such as advancing people to avoid familial diseases, carrying people to halt unhealthy life manner ( e.g. smoke, drug and intoxicant dependence ) , advancing people to forestall deathly diseases ( e.g. malignant neoplastic disease ) and doing household program, are parts of these jobs. Decreasing energy supply is besides one of the jobs that require people to execute energy preservation behaviour. Significant attempts are needed to carry people to halt blowing their energy ingestion. The increasing traffic denseness besides require people to alter their drive and siting behaviour to be more carefully and safely in order to take down the traffic accident rate. In s hort, there are many public attitudes and behaviours needed to be changed to work out the societal jobs. Solving societal jobs affecting societal alterations. It means altering single and group life wont by transforming their harmful behaviours toward more productive one, altering attitudes and values of the community and the whole society and making new societal tehcnolgy in order to increase quality of life [ 1 ] . However, altering human behaviour is non an easy thing and it possibly the most debatable issue in human relation.The Role of Social Marketing in Solving Social ProblemsIn order to accomplish the expected status in a society that full of societal jobs, it is expected that marketing subject non merely focuses on profit-oriented companies but besides accommodates the societal dimensions of the society. The jobs such as pollution control, public transit, instruction, drug maltreatment, safe drive, household planning and public wellness, need advanced solutions and attacks to derive populace ‘s attending and support. The troubles found by societal sellers to pass on their thoughts and societal ends have been the concern of the selling experts for a long clip. To reply these phenomena, Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] argue that marketing attacks can be used to work out specific societal jobs by implementing the selling rules such as analysing, planning and commanding the jobs of societal alterations. The selling constructs and techniques can be used efficaciously to advance single and group to execute recomended behaviour. Social selling is a promising model to program and implement the societal alterations. Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] define societal selling as a design, execution and control of plans carried out to act upon the acceptableness of societal thoughts that involved merchandise design, pricing, communicating, distribution and selling research. However, using the societal selling program attack does non intend that the societal ends will be automatically achieved because it merely develops a mec hanism which relates the experts ‘ cognition on human behaviour and the execution of the recommended cognition which brings good cause to the society. Different from Kotler and Zaltman, Andreasen [ 2 ] positions societal selling as the attempts to act upon the mark audience ‘s behaviour. Harmonizing to Andreasen, societal selling is the version of commercial selling engineering onto the analysis, planning, executing and rating plans which designates to act upon the behaviour of the mark audience to better their ain mental and physical life and/or the society in which they live. Harmonizing to Andreasen, the footing of societal selling is to alter one ‘s behaviour. Social selling is related to behavioural mentality. It stressed on instruction and propaganda plan that merely will be usefull if brings behavioural alterations. It is interesting to societal alterations practicioners as could partly explicate why people do certain behaviour. The consumer ‘s behavior attack, harmonizing to Andreasen [ 2 ] , can be applied in societal selling issues. The outgrowth of exchange theory is the chief stimulation to marketing faculty members to spread out the constructs of consumer ‘s behaviour and selling such as the usage of seat belt, blood giver, etc. Promoting the consumers to donate their blood, for case, does non affect offering merchandises or services, nor does it affect payment to be done by the consumers. However, it will convey many benefits for the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed. Theories and theoretical accounts for societal selling abound, with small formal consensus on which types of theoretical accounts for what types of societal selling jobs in what sorts of state of affairss are most appropriate [ 3 ] . The basic constructs of societal selling involve alterations. Social sellers try to act upon other ‘s behaviour which consists of [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. The get downing point of behavior class opens a figure of research chances in the field of societal selling such as disease bar, early sensing of diseases, birth control ( to get down a certain behaviour ) , the danger of smoke ( to halt a certain behaviour ) , and organic nutrient ingestion and environmentally friendly merchandise use ( to alter a certain behaviour ) . In the visible radiation of act uponing other ‘s behaviour, societal selling urges the execution of proper communicating scheme to carry people. In this paper, the writer argue that one of the effectual communicating methods which may be considered to carry people to execute recomended behaviour is the message bordering attack. Message framing can be the promising communicating scheme to heighten people conformity in order to do societal alterations. It could be implemented in wide country of societal issues such as wellness, safe drive, proenvironmental behaviour and so on.Framing Theory and Message FramingFraming theory starts from Prospect Theory introduced by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] . Framing posit of prospect theory provinces that the manner an information presented, in footings of benefits and losingss, may act upon the behaviour based of two grounds. First, people tend to avoid hazards when sing additions, that is, when having messages in the signifier of positive fra ming. On the contrary, they are likely to take hazards when sing losingss or costs, that is, when having messages in the signifier of negative framing. Consequently, the penchants towards risk-taking to a great extent depend on whether the thought is presented in the frame of addition or loss contexts. Therefore, persuasive information may be presented by demoing the possible benefits earned if the information presented is purely followed or the possible losingss earned if the information is non taken. Second, this theory argues that people will probably to avoid hazards which make the losingss look much bigger than the benefits earned. In line with the chance theory, two logical statements of an issue, if presented in two different ways, may ensue in different determinations. The most popular illustration of this issue is the Asiatic Disease Problem experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] : to 152 topics who were presented to the hypothesis inquiries which required them to conceive of that the US authorities had been fixing an action to forestall diseases in Asia. It was predicted that the disease might kill 600 people. There were two plans proposed to forestall the disease ; Program A and B. It was assumed that the estimated effects of the plan were as follows ( presented in positive framing ) : If plan A was chosen, they would salvage 200 people If plan B was chosen, 1/3 of 600 would likely be saved and 2/3 people would likely non survive. The consequences of the experiment showed that 72 % of the respondents preferred Program A instead than Program B. The same inquiries were besides proposed to the other 152 topics. This clip, the plans were Program C and D which were presented in negative framing with the undermentioned effects: – If plan C was taken, 400 would decease – If plan D was chosen, none of 1/3 of 600 would decease and 2/3 of them would likely decease. In this 2nd group of topics, 78 % preferable plan D. From the illustration given, it is evidently seen that A and C are similar to plan B and D. The response was rather predictable based on the rules of diminishing sensitiveness attached to prospect theory. The presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of people to be saved has clearly shown the benefits of avoiding the hazards. It is much better to salvage 200 people, definite in figure instead than to salvage about 200 people, indefinite in figure. Meanwhile, the presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of victims shows the topics preferred to take hazards when faced with the possible losingss. It is rather interesting to analyse the chance appeared in this instance. The survey of Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] shows that single determination is consistently influenced by how an issue is presented. Specifically, person will be given to avoid hazards when confronting messages presented in a positive framing ( emphasizing on benefits gained ) and s/he will prefer to take hazards when confronting a job presented in negative framing ( emphasizing the losingss gained ) . They argue that each individual relies on a figure of limited heuristics and prejudices in doing complex determinations. Each prejudice and heuristics depends on the preparation of the thought at the beginning of the procedure. Prospect Theory give us a canche to utilize its rule in showing a persuasive message in order to heighten message receiver ‘ conformity, called message framing. Message framing is the presentation of persuasive messages which stresses on the benefits to be gained if the messages are followed ( positive framed/gain framed ) , or on the hazard facets if the messages are non followed[ 2 ]( negative framed/loss framed ) . It is one of persuasive tactics which is strategically used in pass oning persuasive messages to other people. It is used as a paradigm to understand and look into communicating scheme and behaviour in a broad scope of subjects. The related subjects include psychological science, communicating, organisational determination devising, economic sciences, wellness communicating, media surveies and political communicating [ 6 ] . Pprevious researches on persuasive power of message bordering show that the presentation of different types of message framing will ensue in different persuasive effects.Taxonomy of Framing EffectssLevin et Al. [ 7 ] designs a taxonomy which differentiate the framing effects into three classs: hazardous framing, property framing and end framing. The effects of the first framing are those that can be explained as follows: for illustration, in a certain state of affairs, S+ describes a positive status ( such as being alive, winning and being healthy ) , with a figure of n response options which implies different terminal consequences with different degree of uncertainness ( r1, r2, aˆÂ ¦rn ) . On the other side, S- means a negative status ( being dead, being lost, being ill ) with the same figure of n response picks and terminal consequences. The consequence of hazardous framing is that one tends to take options with low uncertainness in S+ , and to take options with high uncertainness in S- . In other words, this status refers to the inclination to prefer definite options in positive frame and hazardous options in ne gative frame. The experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] can be used to explicate this job. The effects of 2nd framing or attributee bordering consequence can be elaborated as follows: for illustration, a certain property ( object or incident ) A+ indicates positive status ( success, nonfat, etc ) with a figure of n response picks which implies different degree of attractive force ( d1, d2, aˆÂ ¦dn ) . Meanwhile, the same property shows negative conditions ( failed, fatty etc ) indicated as A- with the same figure of response picks and the same degree of attractive force d1, d2, ..dn. The attribute framing effects are defined as the inclination of a topic to measure A+ with higher degree of attractive force and A- with lower degree of attractive force. It refers to the inclination of the topic to do a more positive rating on the presented stuffs in positive frame. The experiment carried out by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] revealed that beef was considered to be more delightful when positively labeled ( 75 % fat free ) compared to negatively labeled such as ‘contain 25 % fat ‘ . There are at least two different rules between hazardous framing and property framing. The first difference is that attribute framing does non affect hazard use. The 2nd 1 is that the mark is non in the signifier of taking the independent response picks, but in measuring the credence to certain points. The 3rd consequence is the effects of end bordering. They can be explained as follows: for illustration, a certain message M+ contains a positive frame ( chance to derive benefits or avoid losingss ) and the other message contains negative frame ( chance non to derive benefits or suffer losingss ) indicated by M- . The effects of end framing are the differences in the persuasive consequences between M+ and M- to accomplish a certain behaviour. Based on above taxonomy, the presentation of message framing in wide societal alterations context ( such as advancing disease sensing behaviour, disease bar behaviour, energy salvaging behaviour, birth control behaviour, pro-environmental behaviour, save driving behaviour, healthy diet and exercising behaviour and so on ) could be categorized into end framing as the presentation of negative framing or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver.Forms of Message Framing PresentationLevin and Gaeth [ 8 ] argue that there are two types of message framings ( See Table 1 ) . The first type is how the negative or positive message is communicated across. The positive message emphasizes on the benefits received by the consumers for utilizing the merchandises or making the expected behaviour. The negative message emphasiss on the consumer ‘s losingss for non utilizing the merchandises or making the recommended behaviour. The 2nd type discusses the nega tive and positive facets of the message itself. Levin and Gaeth reference that the fat contained in the beef is 25 % fat or 75 % thin. As a affair of fact, there are really few merchandises which inform their negative effects to the consumers. In line with Levin and Gaeth, O'Keefe [ 9 ] maintains that the attractive force of positive and negative framing phrases can be presented in two different ways. First, whether the result described is the coveted result. Second, whether the result described is an achieved result ( gained, proposed, accomplishable ) or something to avoid ( gotten rid of, unexpected, unattainable ) . As displayed in Table 1, addition framed messages, for illustration, can be presented in: â€Å" if you comply the promoted action, you will derive the expected result X † or â€Å" if you do the recommended action, the unexpected result Y can be avoided † . Meanwhile the loss framed messages can be presented: â€Å" if you do non make the recommended behaviour, the expected result X will non be achieved † or â€Å" if you do non make the recommended action, the unexpected result Y will happen † . Nevertheless, it has non been really clear whether the assorted types of message pr esentation will impact the comparative effectivity of addition framed and loss framed messages. Table 1. Techniques of Message Framing PresentationPresentation techniquesTypes of FramingStatementOutcome is described in the expected or unexpected results. Positive frame â€Å" if you do the recommended actions, the expected result X will be gained † Negative frame â€Å" if you do non make the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y will happen. Results are presented as something achieved or avoided. Positive frame â€Å" If you do the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y may be avoided † . Negative frame â€Å" If you do non make the recommended action, the expected result X will non be gained. † Beginning: extracted by the writer.Differential Effectss of Positive and Negative Framing on PersuasionIn the last 30 old ages, 100s of empirical surveies have been conducted to demo and look into the framing effects in several different contexts. Around 15 surveies had been conducted on the effects of bordering each twelvemonth [ 10 ] . There are besides legion theories developed to explicate human behaviour based on the appraisal of benefits and losingss. However, findings on the effects of bordering have non shown any conclusive consequences [ 9 ] . Probe on about 70 old surveies showed [ 11 ] , so far, bordering researches are much more conducted in wellness and consumer behaviour contexts. In wellness behaviour context ( see Appendix 1 ) , many researches on message framing are conducted to promote the behaviour to make early sensing and bar to diseases [ 42 ] . Some of those researches were carried out in the context of chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing through chest ego scrutiny or mammography trial [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] , bad effects of smoking [ 16 ] , sexually-transmitted diseases [ 17 ] , the effects of cholesterin on bosom disease [ 18 ] , cholesterin testing [ 19 ] , the usage of dental floss [ 20 ] , fatty content on nutrient [ 21 ] and the usage of gargle [ 22 ] . In the field of wellness, persuasive power of loss framed tends to surpass that of addition framed. However, the consequences of the research in general are still inconclusive [ 21 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 23 ] . Some surveies found the effectivity of negative framed message [ 12 ] , [ 30 ] and the others found the opposite one [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] . Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that loss framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease sensing and other hazardous behaviour while addition framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease bar and other low hazard behaviour. The advantages of the persuasive power of loss framed over that of addition framed in the old surveies is closely related to bordering determination. The surveies show different penchants between the two determination options ( which are fundamentally tantamount to one another ) when they are presented in different frames ( loss and addition framed ) . It is supported by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] who maintain that, fundamentally, an person does non fond of losingss ( remaining off from hazards ) when sing the benefits or consequences, but takes hazards when confronting possible losingss or costs. Therefore, when results are presented in loss framing ( emphasizing on the facets of possible loss ) , a individual prefers to take hazards. This is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s classical experimental findings [ 5 ] on deathly diseases that have often been replicated to different topics[ 3 ]. There are at least three grounds that could be used to explicate the differential effects of framed messages [ 9 ] . First, the ground is related with the determination framing. Previous surveies showed that there are different penchants between two determinations ( that must be tantamount ) when the two determinations presented in different frames. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] explain that people fundamentally do non like loss ( avoid hazard ) when they were sing hazards. So, when the result is presented in negative framed ( stressed the loss or hazard facets ) , people will prefer hazardous pick. This statement is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s experiment called fatal disease [ 5 ] . Second, the differential effects in negative and positive framed message are caused by dissymmetry between negative and positive information. Negative information by and large has unbalanced effects on determination compared with tantamount positive information. A negative stimulation is besides easy to be recognized. Research show that negative stimulations could be detected in a lower degree of exposure compared with the positive 1. In add-on, negative happening consequences in stronger and faster reactions. There are three accounts about asymmetrical places between positive and negative information. The first dissymmetry provinces that negative information normally has imbalanced influence to a determination compared to the similar positive information. The 2nd dissymmetry explains that negative stimulations can be easy detected on the lower degree of exposure compared to positive stimulation. Third dissymmetry is that a negative event consequences in a stronger and quicker reacti on [ 9 ] . The 3rd ground is the presence of moderator variables. Review on old researches [ 11 ] happen several moderator variables normally used and caused the differential persuasion effects of message bordering. They are the engagement of message receivers and content of the messages [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 13 ] , types of recommended behaviour ( in wellness context ) , and types of communicated results [ 9 ] . Another moderator variable which besides becomes the topic of research is the order of presentations [ 24 ] , credibleness of message beginnings [ 25 ] , single differences which include: demand for knowledge [ 26 ] , degree of message amplification [ 27 ] , message receiving system motive [ 20 ] and perceptual experience to put on the line [ 28 ] . Researches showed the presence of moderator variable streghtened the persuasive power of framed message. The findings of the researches on the effects of message framing are steadfastly supported by the effectivity of positive framing in the surveies conducted by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] , Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy [ 19 ] , Diamond and Sanyal [ 29 ] , Rothman et Al. [ 30 ] , Block and Keller [ 17 ] , and Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] . Previous surveies show that positive framing is more effectual when the communicated message contains recommended low hazard behaviorsuch as like cholesterin sensing to the topics who had low degree of engagement in Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy ‘s survey [ 19 ] or preventative behaviour [ 31 ] . It was found that the presentation of the message in positive framing may increase people ‘s inclination to give positive reappraisal of a merchandise which in bend addition the chance to take the merchandise [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . This determination is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] who province that an single tends to avoid hazard when confronting a jo b presented in positive framing. In some instances, the mixture of positive and negative messages turns out to be the most effectual manner. Meanwhile, another survey studies there are no differences between the two framing conditions. Lerman et Al. ( 1992 ) in Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] did non happen different effects among participants who read the message in negative framing and the message presented in positive framing about the importance of mammography written in the brochure. Besides, Tykocinski et Al. [ 32 ] did non happen different effects between positive and negative framing. Framing effects will be found when there is an interaction with personal concept named self disagreement. Assema [ 34 ] province that there are no bordering consequence in his survey in healthy diet context. Beyond many research in wellness context, research about message framing besides conducted in the country of energy preservation [ 35 ] . Gonzales et Al. [ 10 ] , conducted a quasi experiment technique based on the rules of societal psychological science. Hence, the findings of his survey support the effectivity of loss framed messages. Research on message framing is besides carried out on environment-friendly behaviour, including recycle, preservation, and green life style in a survey by Davis [ 36 ] . This research findings revealed that negative framing gave the most positive response and the highest purpose to take part in environment-friendly behaviour. From the abovementioned account, the author draws decision that though assorted researches on the effects of bordering have been conducted, so far, there is no conclusive consequences in which bordering signifier is most effectual [ 13 ] . Some of the surveies argue that negative framing is more effectual than positive bordering [ 12 ] , [ 31 ] , yet others mention the opposite consequences ; positive framing is more effectual than negative bordering [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . Some of the findings of the surveies indicate that the effectivity of a certain framing depends on situational and dispositional factor [ 6 ] . Based on his meta analytic, O'Keefe [ 9 ] province that loss framed entreaties are non by and large more persuasive than addition framed entreaties. For promoting disease bar behaviours, gain-framed entreaties are more persuasive than loss-framed entreaties ; for promoting disease sensing behaviours, gain- and loss-framed entreaties do non differ significantly in strength. The co mparative strength of otherwise framed entreaties seems small influenced by ( a ) whether the gain-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of desirable provinces or the turning away of unwanted provinces or ( B ) whether the loss-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of unwanted provinces or the turning away of desirable provinces. Our treatment about the wide context of message bordering surveies indicate that bordering attack can be considered as one of communicating attacks to advance societal alterations trough altering public values, attitudes and behaviour. As one of societal selling publicity scheme, as proposed by the writer, message framing could be implemented in the degree of single or community behaviour. However, it is needed extra surveies in more assorted context to analyze the proper message bordering attack and situational and dispositionalvariables to considered in each specific country, in order to acquire cognition, what sort of framed message does more persuasive in each country.How Can the Framed Message Influence Attitude Change and Behavior?The common result variable of the framed message theoretical account was persuasion, as assessed through attitude alteration, station communicating understanding, behavioural purpose and behaviour [ 9 ] . Persuasion is an attitude alteration as a cons equence of exposure to information achieved from other parties. This exposure can be in written or verbal messages sent by the beginning to the receiving system [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . Variables impacting persuasions normally operate by giving hints or statements, making prejudice in information processing, and make up one's minding the figure of amplifications done in a message [ 40 ] . Refer to Eagly and Chaiken ( 1984 ) in Seethaler and Rose [ 37 ] , there are three attacks in persuasion mechanism, i.e. : 1 ) Cognitive Response Approach, 2 ) Attributional Reasoning Approach, and 3 ) Heuristic Processing Mode. Prospect theory, from which message framing originated is one of theories that explained attributional logical thinking attack. Harmonizing to this attack, message receiver seek to explicate the message s/he receives through causal reading related with societal norms or environmental status. So, it is clear that message framing is one of persuasion beginnings. Persuasion which happened in a framed message presentation is one of persuasion beginnings caused by the message features. Harmonizing to Olson and Zanna, there are several issues which encourage persuasion to take topographic point: beginning of the message, features of the message and features of the message receivers [ 38 ] . The effects of message framing may go on to all degrees of message receiver. It can be applied in the degree of interpersonal, intrapersonal, groups, organisations, inter organisations, and society [ 6 ] . Although there are more research conducted on the consequence of framing in single degree [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 15 ] dan [ 23 ] . However, there are besides some researches on the effects of bordering in the group degree [ 41 ] . The information processing when person receives a framed message can be closely related to psychological procedure used in proving the information, doing determinations, and pulling decisions about the surrounding. There are several account how people treating a framed information. Refer to Hallahan [ 6 ] , bordering operates by making prejudice in person ‘s cognitive procedure of information through at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is giving contextual intimations that direct the receivers in doing determinations and pulling decisions of a message. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] argue that negative or positive framing in a determination works as cognitive heuristic or regulation of pollex which directs the determinations to uncertain or hazardous state of affairs. The negative reaction to losingss or hazards is consistent with the findings which province that negative information is considered more earnestly than positive information and given more attending. This is b esides consistent to the motivational theory which states that person of course acts to make self-defense. This statement can explicate, why some research findings [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] uncover the advantage of negative framed messages than positive 1s. The 2nd mechanism is through priming. It is a procedure where a human being organizes the gained cognition in the memory through cognitive construction or strategy which acts as barrier in constructing and construing a state of affairs and event. How a framed messages influence people ‘s determination besides can be explained based on the information processing phases. The procedure by which framed messages influence opinion and behaviour could be explained at least in three of import phases. First, the sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue. Second, people differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs. Third, the influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour [ 31 ] . Harmonizing to Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] , in order to react to framed message, people have to comprehend the message foremost. But, to simply comprehend the message is non sufficient to actuate behavior alteration. Framed message can act upon the behaviour merely if it integrated into a individual ‘s cognitive representation of the issue. Given that behavioural determinations are thought to reflect the consideration of relevant beliefs, a individual ‘s perceptual experience of an issue needs to reflect the peculiar place advocated by the framed entreaty. The construct of Elaboration Likelihood Model [ 40 ] besides can be used to explicate how people respond to a framed message. Petty and Cacioppo [ 40 ] explain, there are two alternate manners in which persuasive entreaty are processed: 1 ) Systematically ( attending to the peculiar inside informations of the message ) , and 2 ) Heuristically ( attending to come up characteristics of the message ) . The mode in which a framed message is processed significantly affects its ultimate influence. The cognitive assimilation of the frame provided by a peculiar entreaty is likely contingent on the systematic processing of that entreaty [ 31 ] . Some old researches in diverse set of contextual variables showed that comparative strength of addition and loss framed was limited to those participants who processed the message consistently [ 19 ] , [ 30 ] . Systematic processing of a framed message is a necessary stipulation to detect the predicted advantage of addition bordering particularly in w ellness behaviour context ( addition framed message in bar behaviour and loss framed for sensing behaviour ) . How do people accept the framed message? Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that even though people may be motivated to treat a framed entreaty consistently, they may non be receptive to the frame advocated by the message. There are two factors were sing in discoursing the willingness to accept the peculiar frame provided by an entreaty. The first factor is an on-going temper that may determine one ‘s receptiveness to a framed message. One ‘s temper may act upon whether a state of affairs is perceived in footings of losingss or additions as feelings can function as information about one ‘s current state of affairs. Sad tempers may corroborate that possible losingss are possible, whereas happy tempers may underline the saliency of possible additions. However, temper had no consequence on perceptual experiences of possible additions. Peoples who felt happy perceived greater cost to a possible loss compared with participants in a impersonal temper. The influence of te mper on perceptual experiences of likeliness mediates the comparative strength of gain- and loss-framed statements ( Wegener et al. ( 1994 ) in [ 31 ] ) . Participants were more persuaded by gain-framed statements when in a happy temper, but loss-framed statements were more persuasive when they were in a sad temper. The 2nd factors that are impacting willingnes to accept framed message are anterior cognition and experience that may curtail one ‘s willingness to follow a peculiar frame [ 31 ] . Using wellness information context, Rothman and Salovey say that the information presented is understood within the context of an person ‘s experiences and cognition. When the issue is either new or unfamiliar, people have few preconceived impressions about the issue, which should ease the acceptance of the frame emphasized in a recommendation. To the extent that the position provided by the framed entreaty is consistent with one ‘s initial apprehension, one should hold small trouble following the suggested frame. However, when the frame does non fit one ‘s experiences, the unexpected position should arouse systematic processing of the message, but this does non needfully connote that the advocated frame will be adopted. If the initial position is strong plenty, it is possible that people might reframe a message that did non fit their dominant position. Unfortunately, the grade to which people efficaciously reframe messages and their subsequent impact on determination devising has non been tested through empirical observation. Although the abovementioned phenomena are used to explicate the wellness behaviour context, the writer argue that this besides can be used to explicate the information acceptance in broad scope context of societal alteration messages. So far, we have discussed the importance of message bordering use in persuade people to execute recomended behaviour and how they will treat and have the framed information. However, the most of import end of any framed message is to advance a peculiar behaviour. Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] told that, even when a framed has been processed and assimilated, its peculiar impact on behaviour is contingent on perceptual experience of the behaviour itself. They suggest that beliefs refering both the effectivity of a behaviour ( response efficaciousness ) and one ‘s ability to execute that behaviour successfully ( self efficaciousness ) predict the likeliness of the behaviour being carried out. Based on Protection Motivation Theory they suggest that efficaciousness beliefs may be peculiarly of import when people act in response to a loss framed entreaty. It has been observed in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] survey that revealed adult females who received a loss framed pamplet recommend ing BSE later held the strongest ego efficaciousness beliefs and that to keep strong efficaciousness beliefs partly mediated the influence of the loss frame on behaviour. Based on my reappraisal on old surveies [ 11 ] , it is non all of them utilizing behavior as dependent step. The trouble of longitudinal survey to mensurate the existent behaviour may be the reply of this issue. Studies who involved behavior as the dependent step can be find in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] by comparing immediate step and subsequently step as the placeholder of behaviour and Detweiler et Al. [ 43 ] utilizing sunscreen with SPF order. Most of old research limited their dependen step on behavior purpose or behaviour inclination and this bound the significance of their research findings [ 44 ] . Decision From above treatment, several decision could be drawn. The being of several societal jobs require us to acquire involved in making the expected status in our society by implementing societal selling knowlegde. Social selling attempt to act upon other ‘s behavior including [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. One of communicating attacks that we could utilize to accomplish these purposes is message bordering. It could be implemented in assorted different context of societal job to carry people to execute recomended behaviour. Harmonizing to the taxonomy of bordering effects, message framing can be categorized into end framing, as the presentation of negative framed or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. It can be presented in two alternate signifiers, the first is the signifier in which the result is described in the expected or unexpected results and the 2nd is the signifier in which the result are presented as something achieved or avoided. Assorted surveies in message framing context showed us that there are differential effects of message bordering persuasive power. However it is non easy to make up one's mind which one of the framing message signifiers that most persuasive. It is true that there is a inclination of negative framed advantages than positive one, based on asymetri of negative framed comparison to positive one. But we besides acknowledge the consequence of chairing variable in each specific context. Given the chief inquiry for faculty members is, how we can better the effectivity of a message to the populace in order to increase conformity with the recommended action, the writer conclude that utilizing framed message is an alternate manner to accomplish this end. Furthermore, what type of framing should be used will depend on the context in which the message was conveyed. The extent to which the effectivity of the usage of message framing will besides depends on chairing variable involved. The interaction between framed message with the moderating variables involved is expected will increase the effectivity of the framed message in assortment different contexts. Future researches in more diverse research contexts are still needed to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and specific moderator variables have to be considered.

Using teaching styles to make positive contributions in physical education

The usage of appropriate instruction manners makes an of import part to kids ‘s acquisition in physical instruction. Different instruction manners affect many facets of instruction and acquisition, including the acquisition environment and the instructor ‘s ability to run into single demands. As physical instruction has a broad spectrum of aims harmonizing to Macfayden & A ; Bailey ( 2002 ) instructors should utilize a broad assortment of learning manners to guarantee that students achieve the broad assortment of techniques and accomplishments that physical instruction has to offer. This survey will see the assorted definitions associated with the subject and pay specific attending to the spectrum of learning manners proposed by Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1986 ) . The survey will so specifically concentrate on usage of the productive and generative manners by analyzing my ain experience against findings from literature. The model for learning manners and behaviors came from work by Mosston ( 1966 ) . The thoughts that Mosston proposed hold changed and adapted since the first publication of the model. The interaction between instructor and pupil has been developed since his initial publication ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 1986 ) and have provided a model where the determinations are the chief component and the relationship between the instructor and the scholar has in doing those determinations. So influential was it that the work by Nixon & A ; Locke ( 1973 ) described it as â€Å" the most important progress in the theory of physical instruction teaching method in recent history † . A instruction manner is concerned with how an activity is delivered, instead than what is delivered, ( Macfadyen & A ; Bailey, 2002 ) . Research conducted by Siendentop ( 1991 ) has besides suggested that â€Å" a instruction manner is typified by the instructional and managerial clime that exists during the lesson which can be observed in the chief that the instructor interacts with the students and in some instances if there is an interaction at all † . The Spectrum incorporates 10 landmark manners based on the grade to which the instructor or the pupil assumes duty for what happens in a lesson. This describes a continuum, where at one extreme is the direct, teacher-led attack and at the other lies a much more open-ended and student-centred manner where the instructor acts merely in a facilitator function.Generative Teaching Manners:The generative or direct bunch includes the bid, pattern, mutual, self cheque and inclusion instruction manners ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 2002 ) . Direct manners of learning require the scholar to reproduce known stuff or cognition by retroflexing a specific theoretical account. This frequently involves capable affair associating to concrete facts, regulations or specific skills/movements ( Rink, 2002 ) . In order for students to animate specific accomplishments Derri & A ; Pachta ( 2007 ) identified that â€Å" scholars must foremost be provided with a right proficient theoretical account to emulate, sufficient clip to pattern the theoretical account and effectual feedback related to the original theoretical account † , with the right proficient theoretical account frequently being shown by the instructor. Research conducted by Pieron ( 1998 ) supports the usage of the bid learning manner as the writer argues that copying the most efficient manner ( that of the instructors presentation ) is extremely profitable. It is seen as more profitable because it saves clip as the instructor has the overall duty for rectifying mistakes and it ensures that students receive accurate feedback. The research conducted by Salvara et Al ( 2006 ) highlighted that â€Å" the direct instruction manners specifically the bid manner has been shown to hold a positive impact on category control and motor public presentation † . Within my instruction I have found that utilizing this manner of learning to be the most effectual for category control particularly when the category has a big figure of students and when the category requires a batch of behaviour direction schemes used to command to the category. However Pellett & A ; Blakemore ( 1997 ) conducted a survey of undertaking presentation and content public presentation of four instructors who all had difference degrees of experience and found that pupils taught by an experient instructor were more effectual at executing the accomplishments when compared to being taught by a instructor of small experience. My experience whilst on instructor preparation has besides supported these findings as I was able to show the undertakings more clearly to pupils when I had more experience in that peculiar activity. I was besides able to distinguish the undertaking to a higher degree with activities that I was familiar with as I had more thoughts and experience to pull upon, whereas with activities I had small experience of I found it more ambitious to be originative and come on the students. This has resulted in me taking actions towards seeking to better capable cognition in countries of the course of study where my experience is missing or deficient. Research conducted by Griffey ( 1983 ) has found that when practising accomplishments pupils of lower ability benefited more from the bid manner of learning as they had small old experience to pull from. This is something that I have besides noticed, when learning lower ability groups it is more good to give the direction or presentation of undertaking to salvage clip and when working with higher ability students leting the more able students to show the accomplishment to increase pupil motive. These findings have non been supported by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1990 ) who found that under circuit preparation conditions the lower ability students seemed to profit more from the chance to do determinations about clip spent practising at each station. However within this survey the pattern manner of instruction has besides bee n examined. Harmonizing to Byra ( 2000 ) â€Å" in the pattern manner of learning the scholars work at their ain gait and complete instructor designed undertakings in the order they choose, the category is organised around Stationss and the instructor provides single feedback to the scholars † . The most effectual type of pattern manner of learning I have used whilst on learning experience was the usage of circuit preparation as I chose the activities/skills/tasks to be practiced at each station and the students chose the strength to which they performed as each station. In a survey by Beckett ( 1991 ) on college age pupils the pattern manner has proved to be really effectual in advancing motor accomplishment alterations. From my experience of utilizing this manner I discovered that it was non peculiarly utile at advancing larning when there was limited clip or big groups as different ability students will come on at different times and take longer with certain accomplishments. However th e ages of students should be taken into consideration as my experience is from working with students aged 11-16 who because they are more susceptible to development in motor accomplishments than college aged pupils. This may explicate why Beckett did non detect any alterations in motor accomplishments as the topic in his survey may hold already to the full developed. My experience has besides been identified and supported by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) . However I did happen this manner of learning utile during a wellness and fittingness unit of work where the sum of accomplishment acquisition was minimum and the chief focal point on the lesson was for students to be active utilizing circuit preparation and the acquisition was aimed at students being introduced to new cognition or deriving a farther apprehension of current cognition on different types of exercisings instead than developing accomplishments. The mutual manner has besides been examined by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) . These research workers identified that in this manner the scholars work in braces to accomplish the results. The instructor ‘s ability to give effectual instruction/information is of import when utilizing this manner as when one scholar performs the other observes and gives feedback to the performing artist particular to the direction that the instructor gives at the start of the undertaking and when the performing artist completes the undertaking the scholars switch functions. From my experience the most effectual ways of giving direction are in the signifier of a presentation or a criteria sheet, I besides found that presentations are really effectual when showing accomplishments that I can demo high degrees of competency. In add-on to improved skill public presentation Goldberger ( 1992 ) besides found that â€Å" scholars in the mutual manner provided more feed back, expressed more empathy, offered more congratulations and encouragement and requested more feedback from each other when compared to a control group † . However from my experience of this manner the coupling of students is of import as if you pair students of different degrees the feedback would either be to complex or excessively simple therefore impacting the sum of acquisition and skill public presentation. Besides when working with pupils/groups where behaviour direction is an issue it is more good for the instructor to partner off the students harmonizing to ability instead than allowing students pick their spouse as this tends to take to the students picking friends and being distracted and traveling off undertaking. I have besides found that the manner in which you give the direction besides can hold an consequence on the lesson as undertaking sheets frequently do n't work with groups where behaviour direction is an issue as they do non react good to the resource a nd see it as something to mess about with instead than an educational tool. Byra & A ; Marks ( 1993 ) conducted a survey which focuses on the mutual manner and the effects that different couplings had on students battle. This survey highlighted students who were identified as friends gave more effectual and specific feedback due to their comfort degrees being higher as they were working with a friend. The writers besides found that grouping by ability had no consequence on the sum of feedback given or the comfort degree which is in understanding with my ain personal experiences. This surveies findings suggests that student working with friends is good nevertheless this survey does non take into history the behavior of the group which I have experienced can be a major lending fact when partner offing students. I have experienced when leting students to work in friendship braces can sometimes be damaging when they feel the undertaking is non honoring or good as they distract each other and sometimes do n't finish the undertaking. I have found that to partner off students with friends is good merely when you have built a resonance with the students and are cognizant of how they react working with friends. My experience of this manner is that it is besides good to utilize when measuring students supplying they are cognizant of the rating standards they can have more feedback therefore bettering public presentation when compared to other direct instruction manners. In support of this Cox ( 1986 ) found that when comparing the mutual manner against the bid and pattern manners that the sum of accomplishment motions was really similar which was surprising as the mutual manner involves a batch more feedback. It was besides found that three times the figure of feedback statements were offered to performing artists utilizing the mutual manner ensuing in higher accomplishments and cognition additions along with the development of societal relationship accomplishments. Harmonizing to Byra & A ; Jenkins ( 1998 ) within the inclusion manner of learning scholars choose the degree of trouble within a undertaking and measure their ain accomplishment public presentation. With this in head the benefits of the inclusion manner are that it provides students with the chance to prosecute in activity that is to their appropriate skill/knowledge degree potentially increasing inclusion and battle. My experience of utilizing this manner of instruction is that I have attempted to include it in all of my lessons as guaranting all students are included is indispensable to any lesson. However when leting students to decided which skill degree they work at frequently resulted in students taking a degree that is non appropriate whether that be to simple or excessively complex. This goes against the spectrum theory which suggests that â€Å" the status provided by the inclusion manner should advance success for all scholars † ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 1994 ) . The findings of Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) has supported my experience and observed that the bulk of scholars made inappropriate and uneffective determinations for their accomplishment degree by taking degrees that were excessively complex for them to make success or the aims even when encouraged or prompted by the instructor. From this I have learned to put boundaries for those students that make the undertaking to hard so for illustration when throwing and catching puting a maximal or minimal distance they can throw the ball. My experience has besides taught me that this manner is most effectual when used with older students as they have a better ego construct of their ain ability and are less susceptible to peer force per unit area this was besides observed by Beckett ( 1991 ) . In survey of college aged pupils Beckett ( 1991 ) found that the inclusion manner to be every bit effectual as the pattern manner for scholar accomplishment public pre sentation when larning motor accomplishments. These happening do non back up the decisions of Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) and it was suggested that the difference in pupils ages as a contributing factor which supports my experience. My experience of the Inclusion manner has besides highlighted the importance of planning and appraisal for the lesson as I have already identified that students sometimes do n't do the right determinations. Therefore as a consequence of this I found it good to measure the students who set boundaries and ends that may be above or below their degree and students who do non work good together and so be after a scheme into the following lesson to guarantee that those students remain focussed and on undertaking.Productive Teaching Manners:When compared to the generative instruction manner the productive bunch of Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1994 ) spectrum of learning manners has small background research. The productive bunch requires the scholar to bring forth new cognition, from my experience the instructor needs a high degree of understanding and creativeness to make or plan scenarios. Harmonizing to Byra ( 2000 ) â€Å" within the productive manners of learning students should prosecute in cognitive operations like job resolution, originative thought, contriving and critical thought to detect new motions † . It is the duty of the instructor to supply clip for cognitive processing hence at that place needs to be a category clime focused on seeking and analyzing and feedback for bring forthing different solutions instead than the same generic response ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1986 ) â€Å" six instruction manners have been identified in the productive bunch they are guided find and convergent find which both require convergent thought from the scholars and divergent production, single plan scholar design, scholar initiated and self learning which require divergent thought from scholars † . The bulk of the research in this country has studied the effects of the divergent find, convergent find and guided find. In a survey by Cleland & A ; Gallahue ( 1993 ) divergent motion forms were observed to set up baseline information and to analyze the different factors that contribute to a kid ‘s production of divergent motion. The findings highlighted that scholars could modify, follow and unite cardinal motion forms to bring forth divergent motion. In a farther survey Cleland ( 1994 ) compared the divergent find manner against the bid manner and a no direction control group to analyze the scholars ability to brin g forth divergent motion. The findings of this survey were that pupils generated a greater figure of divergent motions under the divergent find status. The research worker concluded that using critical thought in the signifier of the divergent find manner positively effects scholars ability to bring forth a higher measure of divergent motion forms. My experience of utilizing this instruction manner is that the students age/maturity and experience degrees are major lending factors as scholars with low degrees of experience have limited capable cognition to pull from therefore impacting their ability to modify current skills/movement my experience has besides been supported by the findings of Cleland & A ; Gallahue ( 1993 ) . As the old research suggests a pupils ability to believe critically is of import within the productive bunch of learning manners, wish this in head Cleland & A ; Pearse ( 1995 ) conducted a survey which examined the methods that physical instruction instructors use to guarantee that students use critical thought. Critical thought has been defined by McBride ( 1992 ) as â€Å" brooding thought is used to do sensible determinations about motion undertakings or challenges † ( page 115 ) . This surveies conclusion lucifer with my experience which was that this manner was most effectual when using the pattern manner of learning to give instruction/deliver the topic cognition so following guided find and convergent find to let the students to believe critically. The survey besides highlighted that â€Å" the more experient instructors were able to make a more effectual environment for the students to utilize originative thought accomplishments † McBride ( 1992 ) . From my experience I have besides been able to hold with these findings as I felt more comfy making an environment that was contributing to creative thought when learning a topic I had more experience in as I was able to give more effectual feedback. The research presented to this point has seemed to favor the usage of the productive instruction manners particularly when making cognitive acquisition nevertheless there is conflicting research presented by Salter & A ; Graham ( 1985 ) . Salter & A ; Graham ( 1985 ) examined the effects of the bid manner, guided find manner and no direction on scholars skill larning, cognitive acquisition and accomplishment efforts. The consequences showed that although their was grounds that larning occurred utilizing all three manners the students in the guided find and bid manner recorded significantly better cognitive acquisition compared to no direction. For accomplishment efforts nevertheless scholars in the no direction manner made significantly more efforts at the undertaking than scholars in the other manners. The research workers went onto recommend that a longer pattern clip than 20 proceedingss may hold resulted in the guided find holding more skill acquisition, cognitive acquisition and accomplishment efforts as this manner requires longer pattern clip for the full benefits to be witnessed. From my ain experience this is something which I have besides observed as students respond better when they have longer periods of clip to experiment different accomplishment motions. My experience has besides taught me that to increase the pattern clip requires effectual direction bringing which has besides been identified by Cleland & A ; Pearse ( 1995 ) .Decision:In decision several research inquiries have been answered about the generative manners of instruction ; what the effects of the generative manners have on acquisition, how scholars of different ability degree are influenced by different manners, what consequence couplings have on students ability to give effectual feedback, what factors influence scholars determination devising and what consequence the different manners have on scholars ability to larn new cognition. The findings from the productive manner are ; can learners employ critical thought, what is the consequence of productive manners on scholars ability to bring forth divergent motion and how can teachers advance critical thought. The sum of research that is available for the productive manners of learning in limited when compared to the comprehensiveness of research surveies on the generative instruction manners. However, a survey by Cothran et Al. ( 2000 ) has identify that instructors reported utilizing a assortment of manner in their lessons yet merely one productive manner was in the top five manners used. Although it is promoting that instructors report utilizing a assortment these consequences must be interpreted as it suggests that instructors over estimate the assortment of learning manners used therefore impacting the sum of research there is available in relation to the productive manners of learning. Research conducted by Goldberger ( 1992 ) has identified that the ground that may stay unconvinced or unsure of the manners use is because of the deficiency of collateral research on those manners. Therefore farther research is needed into the productive manners of learning to supply instructors with a cognition base on how these manners can be effectual at advancing acquisition.Recommendations:These findings have provided an initial penetration into the usage of learning manners across a theoretically linked spectrum. One noticeable exclusion was that there is struggle within the research findings and non all research workers reported the same findings which identifies that there a re a important sum of variables related to spectrum research and that the variable that is being focused on should be decently investigated by utilizing the right research method. Spectrum research needs to go on as non all findings sing premises associated to the spectrum have non been supported. However, some premises have been confirmed within this survey for illustration the mutual manner does in fact facilitate the proviso of feedback, more so than any another manner and holding scholars chose their spouses based on friendly relationships helps better societal accomplishments ( Byra & A ; Marks, 1993 ) . Other premises like, the ego cheque and inclusion manners are the most effectual at advancing cognitive development and the inclusion manner is most effectual at bettering engagement of low, medium and high ability scholars still needs to be examined. Replication surveies besides need to be conducted in different environments as the research findings and my experience would pro pose that the mutual manner is an effectual manner at advancing feedback. However, would it be as effectual at easing larning with different aged students in different schools where behavior direction has a far greater accent in lessons. After reexamining the appropriate relevant literature and reflecting on my ain personal experiences I feel that the usage of appropriate instruction manners makes an of import part to pupils ‘ larning in Physical Education and should non be left to opportunity. Physical Education can supply students with the chance to believe critically, job solve and to better ain acquisition. Students will be able to believe about what they are making and do determinations independently and cognize when to utilize rules such as stage dancing, games schemes and job resolution. If students are to entree the full National Curriculum for Physical Education ( NCPE ) ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) and to accomplish the results of high quality Physical Education ( QCA/DfES, 2005 ) , instructors must use a assortment of appropriate instruction manners to ease the chances that Physical Education offers. It is because of this that both generative and productive instruction manners should be used to heighten acquis ition and motive.

Matthew Mazzotta Essay

In John Milton Cooper Jr’s â€Å"Why Wisconsin? The Badger State in the Progressive Era† he talks about why Wisconsin was the leading state in the progressive movement and if it was just by a freak accident or not. Wisconsin became known as the laboratory of democracy around this time period by leading the reform movements that became known as progressivism. Many people like to accredit this to its people’s naturally bright, creative, forward looking attitudes. Yet there was no good reason why Wisconsin should have been the state to take the lead with this movement. Urban reforms are what first made an impact in the change in Wisconsin’s laws. There were many municipal reforms in many of the larger cities and towns but none of them ever grew into full-fledged movements that made it to other cities and states. Wisconsin took the lead in this movement in 1900 when Robert M. La Follette won the governorship at the head of an insurgent republican party that wanted to reform railroad taxation, railroad regulation, and the direct primary. From that moment on Wisconsin would remain at the head of the movement. The timing of this was one of the big factors that contributed to Wisconsin’s success. There were state wide reform movements appearing all over the mid-west, Ohio or Michigan may have beaten Wisconsin to the punch if it wasn’t for La Follette’s election at that time. Historians like to say that a person does not a movement make. But without La Follette Wisconsin probably would never had advanced as far as it did. Another fact that helped Wisconsin enter the reform as early as it did was its relative weakness of the conservative business allied elements that held power in the Republican Party, there was no political machine that ran the state. So clearly Wisconsin’s leading role in the progressive movement was not all due to one man, but that doesn’t make La Follette’s impact in the state any less real. Wisconsin became the lead in this movement by being the first to enact laws on a state level, which would never have happened so fast if it wasn’t for La Follette.   Between his elections he made sure to keep his name out there in the people’s minds by tirelessly speaking about reform issues, he also contacted likeminded leaders in counties and towns across the state and kept their names in an elaborate filing system, talking with them through frequent letters and meetings. La Follette’s followers called themselves â€Å"progressives† one of the first times the word that would become the signature for this era was used. Thanks to Muck-raking journalists who were pointing to La Follette and his state as shining examples on how to make things better, Wisconsin become renowned as the flagship state for reform. The progressives in the state would have times where the â€Å"Stalwarts† took control of the state but after a few of those times the progressives help on to control for over 20 years. So in conclusion, there were many reasons why Wisconsin was the leading state in the reform policies of the progressive era. Some of the reasons are directly related to people and their actions, and some are thanks to good luck and amazing timing. La Follette was the main reason that Wisconsin was able to do so well for itself, his amazing charisma unrelenting drive for changed is what pushed Wisconsin to pass all the reform laws that’s it did so early in the era. Yet if La Follette didn’t get elected when he did Wisconsin may have been lost in the confusion because other states would have beat them to the punch. Another reason why they did so well was because of their lack of a strong political machine that ran the state making it easy to pass laws and change things that have been the same in the state for so very long. So all in all La Follette was the main reason that Wisconsin was the flagship of the progressive movement, but he had plenty of help from luck, good ti ming, and amazing circumstances.

Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography - Essay Example Incredibly powerful and talented women have either isolated themselves in lonely closets or succumbed to drug addiction, and even committed suicide because they feared both societal and familial rejection. From a historical perspective, the pressure women faced in the past is understood. However, even today, women in the upper echelons of society still have to choose between silence and success. However, Perko decided to speak out about the rights of people due to the fact that she witnessed others being mistreated. Some people are settled in the United States; however some do not receive the same education and treatment as white students due to the fact that they are viewed as a minority race. Furthermore, because of their lack culture acknowledgement from teachers, sometimes American students require educational intervention, which is actually lacking knowledge in their culture even though they have settled in the United States for hundreds of years. From there, this is why she recorded some people were very proud when they had a chance of education. It is apparent that family structure is highly important to children's behavior due to the fact it does affect all levels of educational performance, which includes preschool to college. Furthermore, family has a big influence on a child behavior.

Immanuel Kant's attempt to reconcile materialism and dualist ideas Essay

Immanuel Kant's attempt to reconcile materialism and dualist ideas - Essay Example Kant was in agreement with most of his predecessors who claimed that through analyzing practical reason, one would only deduce the need for any rational agents to adhere to instrumental principles. On the other hand, he also maintained that adherence to the Categorical Imperative, which is a non-instrumental principle, together with the moral requirements, is vital to rational agents. It is for his view that there has to be autonomy in rational will, or freedom in terms of writing its binding law. As such, morality’s basic principle is mainly the freedom that comes with it in terms of autonomous will. According to Kant’s thoughts, the occurrence of self-governing reason among individuals provided effective grounds for holding each one as of equal respect and equal worth. The autonomy of will as expressed by Kant in his description of the groundwork of morality thus questions the impact of materialism in terms of the mechanistic laws that have been developed to govern so ciety, forcing individuals to conform to the already predetermined thought and consequences. As such, Kant believes that such laws inhibit freedom; hence, morality since individuals need to be free to choose to assume accountability. To have a clear understanding of Kant’s view concerning materialism and dualism, it is important to review his thought on moral law and duty. Kant observed that duty respects lawfulness, an aspect that formed its singular motivation. It is important to note that laws or rules establish duties. For instance, the bylaws established by a certain club would spell out the duties that are to be carried out by each of its officers. On the other hand, the state or city laws define the duties that are to be carried out by its citizens. As such, if one engages in something because it is their duty in their capacity, or their civic duty, or as good citizens, then their motivation

Social Stigma and Mental Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social Stigma and Mental Illness - Essay Example While such labels are applicable to a small fraction of patients, a majority of them are â€Å"normal† individuals by common standards. Their disorders and disturbances only affect their concentration, cognition and efficiency. Yet, they get ostracized for their condition. The mainstream media plays a significant role in spreading such misconceptions among the citizenry. As a matter of statistic, crime rates among the mentally disturbed are quite similar to that of the control group (Angermeyer, 2004). Yet, the media portrays them as people prone to violent and antisocial behavior. For example, â€Å"Mental illness also has not received the sensitive media coverage that other illnesses have been given. We are surrounded by stereotypes, popular movies talk about killers who are "psychos" and news coverage of mental illness only when it related to violence. We also often hear the causal use of terms like "lunatic" or "crazy," along with jokes about the mentally ill. These representations and the use of discriminatory language distort the public’s view and reinforce inaccuracies about mental illness.† (Schulze, 2003) It is not an even keel with all types of afflictions. Some of them like schizophrenia are subject to more ridicule and stigma than say depression. People affected with this condition are portrayed as â€Å"psychos†, â€Å"whackos†, â€Å"nut balls†, etc. While disorders like depression don’t attract such treatment as a result of widespread awareness about anti-depressants within the mainstream media (Kelly, 2007). There are other negative consequences to such stigma. For one thing, many people shy away from getting proper treatment for their conditions on fear of being ridiculed and disparaged. They also develop unreasonable fears of abandonment by their family and friends once the illness comes to light

Psychology. Diary Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychology. Diary Activity - Essay Example Submissive Diary Exercises: 1. I should more aggressive in fulfilling what I want to achieve in life. I should be assertive of my rights, and I should be submissive to the rule and policies of the schools. 2. I should be more assertive of my right to be heard when I am accused of something that I have not done. I should be less passive when I feeling that my rights are being trampled. 3. I should be more assertive in expressing what I want to do. I should be less aggressive when explaining my points. Activity: 1. When you were late for the third time and I feel all right because you were always apologetic. 2. When you raise your price in the clinic, I feel unhappy because I cannot afford the price anymore. 3. When you complained of not getting the result, I feel frustrated because you did not implement what were recommended. 4. When my partner leaves his dishes in the sink after coming home late from work, I feel irritated because he continued to do so for a week. 5. When you borrow my car, I feel irritated because you left it without petroleum. Diary Exercise: 1. A situation where I said yes but would have wanted to say no was when I was asked to donate some money for a non-governmental organization. 2. I wished to say no because I was afraid I will be short of money. 3. I decided to say yes because I do not want to disappoint the expectations my classmates. 4. I felt good because I have something good for humanity and that I did not embarrass my classmate. 5. I feel that I earned his respect. 6. I would have preferred saying yes. After all I can ask from my parent additional allowance for school. Page 43 1. Active listening reduces the defensiveness of the other person because when one is actively listening he can effectively employ...Where in her childhood a woman experienced humiliation or never appreciated or recognized for what she had done or said she will not feel comfortable of expressing her thoughts even when she becomes older. 3. Language is a barrier to assertion. When a person cannot express his thoughts and his ideas because he does not have ample language facility he cannot assert his point. It is important therefore that a person must have a rich world bank so that he can competently express what he has in his mind. 1. Active listening reduces the defensiveness of the other person because when one is actively listening he can effectively employ different skills that would physiologically and psychologically encourage the speaker. The listener can be persist, or negotiate or employ the three-part messages of assertion. Scenario 1: There is the need fro active listening and assertion. As soon as the client is ready to listen there is the need to explain the process and explore on the needs. The client must collaborate and must be patient undergo the process of treatment. He should be willing to put his trust. Mapping can be utilized in this situation. Scenario 2: There is the need to come up with an action plan that must be implemented or carried out so that it would be clear who would work on it, how it should be done, and when it shou

Different types of Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Different types of Asthma - Essay Example Asthma in children can be hard to diagnose. There are other conditions that can have similar symptoms and sometimes these conditions can be combined with asthma. Some common conditions with the same symptoms are rhinitis, sinusitis, acid reflux, vocal cord dysfunction, and respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis and RSV.Doctors use the same tests to diagnose asthma in children ages 5 and up as they do with adults. The test is called a spirometry, it measures how quickly and how much air your child can exhale. The doctor will also try to find out if the asthma is caused by the child’s allergies. An allergy skin test will be given to check for allergy-causing substances, such as animal dander, mold or dust mites, and observed for signs of an allergic reaction.The doctor will make an asthma action plan and depending on the type and severity of asthma in the child the doctor might prescribe a medication. The purpose of treating asthma is to prevent symptoms and to trea t an asthma attack that is in progress. The goal after treatment is that the child will have little to no symptoms, fewer flare-ups, no limitations on daily activities, and few side effects from the medications.  Long-term medications will be used to treat the inflammation that causes the symptoms of asthma. The doctor would prescribe an inhaled corticosteroid, such as Qvar. Leukotriene modifiers such a Singulair will help to prevent the asthma symptoms for up to 24 hours. Sometimes a medication will be needed that is combined inhaler.

Instrumentation System Assignment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Instrumentation System Assignment - Lab Report Example The improved version contains some additional features like a backlit display that can be used in low light conditions and a housing that enables optimal viewing when rotated. Other user-programmable functions of the DG-10-E include auto power-off, tare function, and password protection (Wika.com, 2015). DG-10 has the capabilities of handling pressures of up to 5000 psi. The instrument has a display accuracy of ≠¤  ±0.25% B.F.S.L. Its high accuracy, long-term stability and excellent repeatability makes it preferable to most users. The DG-10 has got applications in mechanical engineering, hydraulics/ pneumatics, pumps/ compressors and service industries. Pressure is applied to the pressure sensors within the equipment. These sensors can either be resistive, capacitive or piezoelectric crystals. A pressure on the crystals causes a generation of electric current due to the piezoelectric effect. Since the generated voltages are slight, an amplifier is used to amplify the output to a readable value. The output is in analog form due to the analog sinusoidal voltage output from the transducers. The analog to digital converter is thus used to convert the analog output to produce its digital counterpart for ease of reading. The final output is displayed on a digital display screen. The experiment discussed below uses a bourdon pressure gauge in the calibration process. Pressure in both liquids and gases of different types are mostly measured using the bourdon pressure gauge. The reason being the low prices of the equipment, and accurate results achieved from the instrument. The device is also safe and simple to operate. High pressure and vacuum measurements apply the use of bourdon tubes. The bourdon tubes form essential components of most devices used to measure various types of pressure, including absolute, gauge and differential pressures. A Bourdon pressure gauge mainly consists of a tube that has been

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Example for Free

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Being respectful in class is important to the social structure of the educational environment. Without a certain degree of respect it would distract a lot of our valuable attention, and direct it away from our daily learning. This greatly would hinder our learning abilities and minimizes our educational benefits. The dilemma that we face is that a lot of student to not know how to present the proper behavior in class. The good thing is good classroom educate is an easily obtainable skill, but a perishable skill as well  before we learn how to demonstrate good classroom behavior; we must first learn the benefits of good behavior. Disrespect in class causes havoc and disorderliness. For instance If one were to speak out of turn not only would it upset the follow class mate because they did not get a fair chance to speak, but it would give the impression that other people can speak out of turn as well. If ever one spoke out of turn there would be no way to accomplish any thing. There will be too many interruptions, and some students will miss the opportunity to express their ideas. Respecting other and proper educate is the only way to keep order in the classroom. So how do we establish order in the learning environment? It is too simple. It is vital to speak when called upon, so students can get a fair chance to express their ideas, and solution. Plus this helps to alleviate distracts and annoyances. Talking out of turn is not the only distraction. Students should not get up, or leave on their own accord as well. However it is acceptable to ask to be excused. It is also important to be mindful of other pupil’s thoughts, ideas, emotions, and feeling. Spite, and animosity just agitates the concept of learning. Students should give each other constructive criticism, and listen to each others thoughts. It is also important to address the instructor by title (Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss., Dr., Prof., Sir, Ma’am.), and address all your comments, concerns, and questions towards the instructor in a polite manner. Respectful behavior in classrooms is easy. However just as easy as it is, it is even easier to forget to utilize this skill. One must make a habit of  being respectful. It is a system you must employ on a day-to-day basis. If followed the method and example of classroom educate I have previously displayed will help make a more relaxing, and less stressful learning environment.

Comparison of Cognitive Development Theories

Comparison of Cognitive Development Theories Cognitive development is defined as the areas of neuroscience and psychology studies, concentrating on adolescent development with special focusing on information processing, language learning, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, and brain development. Jean Piaget and Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky were two pioneers in the field of cognitive development. With this essay I will compare and contrast each theorists views on the nature or development of intelligence. I shall also compare their views on the stages of development from birth through adolescence. And finally I will incorporate possible classroom applications of each theorists views. Similarities in Cognitive Development Piaget believed that all children are born with a tendency to interact with and make sense of their environment and that they need little instructor intervention. He referred to the basic ways of organizing and processing information as cognitive structures. He defined the mental patterns that guide behavior as schemes, and he theorized that we use schemes to find out about and interact with the world around us. Piagets theory consisted of steps in the development of new schemes of cognitive development referred to as adaptation of adjusting schemes in response to a new object being introduced in our environment. The first step in adaptation if called assimilation, or trying to understand the new object or event in our environment from known scheme, and if the new object does not fit into an existing scheme, the individual will move into accommodation where they modify an existing scheme to fit the new situation. Finally the person will reach an understanding of the new object, this process of restoring a balance between current schemes and the integration of the new schemes is known as equilibration. Piaget theory of intellectual development is a constructivism view, where individuals build systems of understanding through their experiences and interaction with in their environment, suggesting that development came before learning, that specific cognitive structures need to be developed before certain types of learning can take place. Like Piaget, Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development takes place in steps that are the same for all individuals. Vygotsky theorized the first step in intellectual development is learning that action and sounds have meaning. Second, that step in cognitive development was practicing the new action or sound. And finally, using the actions and sounds to think and solve problems without the help of others, referred to by Vygotsky as self-regulation. Differences in Cognitive Development While Piaget believed that intellectual development was highly personal, and that individuals learned from experiences rather than the teaching of concepts and thought processes, Vygotsky believed that learning development was a social process directly linked to the teaching of information, and that learning proceeded development. Vygotsky theorized that language was the key to cognitive development, and learning was influenced by the culture of the individual. He believed that a child first incorporated the speech on others into their personal knowledge and practices it, known as private speech, and later they used this private speech in efforts to solve tasks. Vygotsky redefined this theory into what we now know as The Zone of Proximal Development. (ZDP) defines intellectual development as the ability to use thought to control our own actions, but first we must master cultural communication systems, and then use these to systems to regulate our thought processes. Children learning with in the (ZPD) work on tasks that they could not complete alone, but were able to finish with the help of and competent instructor. These teachable moments demonstrate Vygotsky theory that learning proceeded development, and that cooperative learning promotes advance learning. His theory defined language as a way to pass on cultural values and that teaching language was the medium needed to develop cognitive thought processes. Similarities of the Stages of Development Both Piaget and Vygotsky were stage theorist, meaning they both believe that development takes place in observable stages. Piagets theory was that development took place in four stages. -The first stage for Piagets theory was the sensorimotor stage (from birth age 2) where the child explores the world using their 5 senses and motor skills. Children are born with what is described as reflex motor skills, suck, grasp, ect. During early development, the child uses these skills to manipulate the world and develops schemes from these experiences in a progression toward goal-directed behavior nearing the end of this stage of development. -Piagets second stage is Preoperational stage (2yrs-7yrs) He believed that children in this stage of development wouldnt have mastered the ability of more complex mental operations; children do not have the ability to reason through their actions. They are considered egocentric, and assume others agree with their points of view. During this stage children lack conservation skills; they do not understand that the amount of something remains the same when the appearance has been rearranged. And they have not developed reversible thinking or taking a problem back to its starting point. -Developmental stage three is the Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) In this stage the child is beginning to achieve comprehension of abstract concepts. The child is starting to understand conservation, perspective and reverse thinking. The child is capable of systematic ordering and able to group objects accordingly. The child is starting to multitask in their thought processes. -And Finally, The Formal Operational stage Age (11 to early-adult) By this stage the person has accomplished abstract think processes. They have developed hypothetical and deductive reasoning. They have the ability to imagine situations and reason best solution principles. They are now capable of meta-cognition or able to think about thinking. Vygotskys stage theory of development was known as Scaffolding. In Scaffolding, First a mentor starts with providing the child with a high level of support, such as one-on-one instruction, allowing the child time to develop an understanding of the concepts being presented. Next the mentor starts to scale back the support allowing the child to take on more of the responsibility of the task. And finally, when the child understands the objective of the task the mentor steps aside allowing the child to perform the task on their own, demonstrating the comprehension of the knowledge set gained. Differences in Stages of Development Piagets theory of the stages of development, focus on development is necessary before learning can take place, and that interaction with ones environment is more important to development than mentored instruction. This view is very age oriented and ridged in its outline and expatiations of child development. Where Vygotsky views learning as the processor to development. That language, culture and mentoring are all important aspects of the learning process that will help the individual develop successfully. Similarities in Classroom Application Piagets and Vygotsky theories have similar applications for the classroom setting; first Piaget wants the instructor must focus on the process of child thinking trying to understand how the child can up with the answer, and not just the product or solution to the problem, deemphasize practices aimed at making children make adult like decisions, and have the instructor acknowledge the differences in individual developmental progress. Vygotskys theory in a similar fashion, places emphasis on the childs thinking process, with the instructor understanding the childrens individual developmental progress. As a teacher I can use these theories to develop class room techniques that focus on the students as individuals, and Ill try to understand their level of development so that I do not force the student to meet standards that are not reasonable given their state of understanding and cognitive development. Differences In classroom Application Piagets theory wants the instructor to encourage the students into self-initiation and active learning activities which take the emphasis off structured knowledge and encourages the student to explore and build on current levels on cognitive knowledge. This differs from Vygotsky theory, which advises the teacher to provide planned activities, and encourage students to participate in planned group activities, which encourage them to learn in structure environments which encourage high levels of mentored instruction. With an option of the two theories, I think Ill stick to a more Vygotsky form of lesson planning. I believe that students can do well with hand on actives, yet I believe that if the Instructor does not provide the student with structure the students do not develop at a rate that allow them to control themselves in a classroom setting, and that structure gives the student guidance and sets expectations for the students, that give the students goals to strive for.

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace In recent years, feminism has a profound impact not only on the familys sociology, but also on other areas of social cognition. Feminists now analyze the patriarchys origin a system of mens domination over women, both within families and in the broader context of other social institutions. Anthropological studies show that all sufficiently learned societies were patriarchal, although the extent and nature of mens domination in different societies differ significantly. However, in this paper, it is not important to dwell on the problem of the patriarchys ubiquity, but it is necessary to discuss the representation of gender roles and marriage in different works of literature. For the best understanding of the topic we are going to discuss two works of literature, such as Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace. It is obvious that both literary works share a common theme, but they are different in their forms, style and content. Defining that exactly a wom an is a main heroine in The Story of an Hour and The Necklace it is possible to consider the statement from a female point of view: No female domination we want to have in literature. It is necessary not to separate a woman from the literary process, but exactly to find her place and designation in this process. It is important to fill the book and media not in female themes, but in the approval of the feminine world, kindness, mercy and tolerance. Analyzing two literary works in details we should think about their authors in general terms. First of all, we are going to talk about Kate Chopin as a prominent writer of her time. Describing Kate Chopin (1851-1904) as the writer we can say that her name was included in the canon of an American literature and The Story of an Hour is considered to be a feminist reading. At the turn of the XIX century we see a situation when a wave of an ideological movement for womens equality has led to a change in the concept of femininity, which inevitably required its interpretation. New Woman has become a major cultural phenomenon of the late Victorian literature. This is evidenced by the fact that in the period from 1883 to 1900, over one hundred novels were focused on the new woman. Although Kate Chopin is treated as a cult figure in an American feminist literature, in her diary notes she describes her current work on the new woman as the public fascination with hysterical, insincere and unhea lthy patterns of life that some British women have entered into vogue in the literature. As any distinctive artist, Kate Chopin originally conceptualized topical issues of own time. Therefore, it is extremely important to trace the originality of the authors interpretation of female themes in her works. Thinking about Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) we know that he was a famous 20th-century French writer, and he also was known as one of the fathers of the contemporary short story. Fame came to de Maupassant in 1880 after the publication of his novel Doughnut, the first evidence of his artistic maturity. In general sense, de Maupassants stories and novels are characterized by their efficient denouement and economy of style. His numerous short stories are quite diverse in topics, tones (sad, gay, ironical, malicious etc.) and genre features. But most of them in the same way as novels combines the idea of ugliness of many forms of reality, brings a longing for beauty in human relations. De Maupassants unsurpassed skill as an artist was manifested in the fact that having an unusually sharp observation, the ability to select the brightest speaking facts, the ability to generalize and typify he was able to reveal big themes and make important social generalizations using own small novels as a field for a research. Using The Necklace as an example, we see that there is no lengthy description and extensive features in de Maupassants literature. The essence of a man, the idea of the works literature derived from actions of dramatis personae and behavior. The main thing for the writer is to choose proper circumstances, to portray a situation in which dramatis personae act. It is impossible to leave without attention the fact that a major role in the novels by de Maupassant plays a storyteller. Putting the narrator into operation is not a new technique invented by de Maupassant, but in de Maupassants literary works the narrator adds a lively character, helps to create the impression of the reliability of what is said. The composition of his novels is always very skilful. The main role often plays denouement that is always diverse, because de Maupassant constantly strives to ensure the intrigue for the reader, and sends the readers thoughts on the understanding of the ideological meaning of stories. Sometimes there is no denouement in the strict sense in de Maupassants novels and short stories. And The Necklace is such a kind of a story, because readers themselves should offer it. Continuing our discussion let us mention that The Necklace by de Maupassant is a short story-reasoning. From crude logic of a naked plot, claiming that it is dangerous to borrow someone elses expensive thing, de Maupassant leads the reader to the social and moral generalizations that are characteristic for realistic literature. The writer never imposes his views to the reader, he tries to be as objective as possible, hiding own personality in his narration. But his thoughts make the reader to think about life, and these arguments extend the plot of the novel to the level of social generalizations. Reading the story The Necklace by de Maupassant (1881), we see the place and role of a woman in those times from the first words: She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. In such a way, relationships between a man and a woman become visible immediately. Onega and Landa (1996) summarizing the plot stated that even though Mathilde is pretty and quite charming, she has none of the advantages of upper-class girls: a dowry, a distinguished family name, an entree into society, and all the little fineries that women covet. Consequently, she accepts a match made for her with a clerk, Monsieur Loisel, in the Department of Education. The young woman has no freedom in her actions and her place in soc iety was predetermined from the first days of her birth. She has married a man whom she never loved, but who was capable to take care of her. The story describes a situation when the above-mentioned Mathilde, wanting to shine at the ball, borrows a friends necklace. Early in the morning on the way home, she notices that the necklace disappeared. All searches were empty and she and her husband take a loan of thirty thousand francs to buy from a jeweler the same necklace and return it without explanation. In a result, the family forced to change own life and work off the debt, but at the end of the story we see that the necklace was false and ten years of life in poverty were unimportant. This story has no end, but it contains rethinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What is the true value? Is a heavy, dreary life of honest perfect family, or a necklace, which during 10 years is considered to be a fake more valuable? Maybe another writer would made history with a necklace deliberately funny and comi c, but de Maupassant in this anecdotal case saw sad. He revealed an idea about the way how people should be happy and how it is unavailable possibility to be happy for the most part of population in his novel. In such a way gender roles and marriage is described in an interesting way in the story and the writer is convinced: in a world ruled by money, it is easy not only to destroy all the best, bright dreams of people, but to drain peoples spirit and souls, to form in their minds the false ideals; moreover, it is also very real and even easy to rob personal youth and beauty for the sake of something unimportant and false. In the hard world of material values, it is enough to find a fake trinket and become unhappy. Women and people with a fine psychic organization are unable to resist greed and envy and they heavier than others go through injustice of social order. Of course, it is indisputable that the writers skill was manifested in his ability to show in a single life situation broad social and moral problems of family and marriage. Comparing de Maupassants The Necklace to Chopins The Story of an Hour we see extremely another situation. The original interpretation of womens issues in the prose of Kate Chopin entailed important artistic innovations. Thus, communication nonverbal components receive a particular significance as a compensation for womens silence. According to Toth (1999), a parody of a literary clichà © and a variability of a plot serve as a special form of cultural stereotypes alienation. Chopins story begins with the words: Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. Thus, it shows us that in a gender relation the idea of female softness and elegance was associated with the bodys fragility and bodily weakness of women. According to Hoder-Salmon (1992) we see that likewise, her marriage exemplifies the status of women in the early twentieth century in that the woman is subject to the patria rchs powerful will bending hers. Although Brently had never looked save with love upon her, he disregarded Louises happiness: The lines [of her face] bespoke repression. So, a woman in marriage was like a bird in a cage. Observing the contemporary reality, it is possible to mention that disputes concerning a current status of a marriage and family with social scientists and in the mainstream press especially on the collapse of a marriage and sexual behavior often have no historical objectivity. In past centuries, break-ups of marriages were very common, but mostly due to the death of a spouse, and not as a result of divorce. This kind of divorce we see in our case and analyzing it Pontuale (1998) wrote that What becomes noticeable to Louise when she hears of Mr. Mallards death is a change in the prospect before her. Whereas before she had thought with a shudder that life might be long, she now saw . . . a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. We see how in minutes of great grief, the main heroine overcomes a woman obedience, renunciation of herself for the sake of the family, social conventions, religious dogmas. And in addition to this fact Chopin and Knights (2000) added that even natural landscape reflects the main characters new perspectives and opportunities: The trees were all aquiver with the new spring life, countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves, and patches of blue sky [were] showing here and there through the clouds after the storm of grief had spent itself. Instead of hear[ing] the story [of her husbands death] as many women have heard the same, with a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Louise is enlivened and motivated: Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. It becomes obvious that she feels freedom, not from her husband, but from the existed rules, norms and dogmas. Summarizing The Story of an Hour we see that it tells us about the complex mechanisms of self-discovery. Because the main heroine feels a lot of different emotions during the last hour of her life when to replace the first reaction of genuine grief comes a strange feeling that she initially could not understand. Unexpectedly for herself in her soul appeared a sense of joy and happiness in an anticipation of life, free from someone elses diktat. Chopin (1894) wrote: Free! Body and soul free! she kept whispering. An hour later, when her husband returned home, who turned out to be far away from the crash site Mrs. Mallard dies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as doctors ascertain of joy that kills. The last words in this context sound particularly ambiguous. Compositional contrast images, landscape sketches, the logic of artistic details, comparisons, epithets everything is subordinated to a common problem expressing the main ideas of the author. Comparing de Maupassants and Chopins representation of gender roles and marriage we see similar features, because Kate Chopin was influenced by Guy de Maupassants compositional art and also visible conciseness and accuracy of descriptions, attention to details, a subtle pattern of psychological truth and denouements mysteriousness. Contrasting Chopin to de Maupassant we see that an approachs specificity to an artistic understanding of a gender includes the fact that Chopins literary works sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly, focus attention on issues of self-realization of women, the ability of the heroines to understand own personality and own importance, both within the family and society. Thus, taking everything into account it is possible to come to a conclusion that both literary works share the common theme and both authors wanted to prove the fact that women strive not for the domination in society, but for own personality cognition and understanding of own role in life. In any case, a woman should stay a woman, and all poets and writers are right saying that exactly a woman is able to be kind, mercy, tolerant and make humanity better.